El ámbito cognitivo en la comunicación estratégica en la guerra en Ucrania

Carlos Mario Berrío-Meneses

Resumen


Ucrania se ha convertido en escenario de innovaciones militares que incluyen el campo de la comunicación y la persuasión. Se aborda este tema, desde el ámbito cognitivo, a través de una revisión sistemática de literatura que analiza 105 artículos en la base de datos de Scopus. Se determina que el fenómeno comunicativo ha sido estudiado principalmente desde la perspectiva de las guerras híbridas, aunque se pone en duda que estas sean un nuevo tipo de guerra. Por otra parte, mientras la narrativa ucraniana se centra en la lucha heroica, la rusa se fundamenta en su tradición histórica. Finalmente, se reafirma que las redes sociales han permitido que la comunicación persuasiva no sea un recurso de uso exclusivo de los estados, sino también de la ciudadanía la cual a veces compite, reproduce o influye en la dirección de la estrategia comunicativa estatal.


Texto completo:

PDF

Referencias


Alonso-Martí¬n-Romo, L.; Oliveros-Mediavilla, M.; Vaquerizo-Domí¬nguez, E. (2023). Perception and opinion of the Ukrainian population regarding information manipulation: A field study on disinformation in the Ukrainian war. Profesional De La información, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.jul.05.

Alonso, P.; Domínguez, D.; Cabrero, J. (2022). Photographic hoaxes on social networks during the post-pandemic and the war in Europe. The digital hoax as a weapon. Human Review. International Humanities Review/ vista Internacional de Humanidades, 11, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4360.

Arquilla, J. (2007). The end of war as we knew it? Insurgency, counterinsurgency and lessons from the forgotten history of early terror networks. Third World Quarterly, 28(2), 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590601153861.

Azad, T.; Haider, M.; Sadiq, M. (2023). Understanding gray zone warfare from multiple perspectives. World Affairs, 186(1), 81-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/00438200221141101.

Bækken, H. (2023). Merging the Great Patriotic War and Russian warfare in Ukraine. A case-study of Russian military patriotic clubs in 2022. Political Research Exchange, 5(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/2474736X.2023.2265135.

Bautista, P.; López, N.; Ambrosio, A. (2023). Tiktok as a new paradigm for information in the Ukrainian War. A study from the West of the initial coverage of the conflict through this platform. Estudios Sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 29(3), 737-748. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.84815.

Baptista, J. P.; Rivas-de-Roca, R.; Gradim, A.; Loureiro, M. (2023). The Disinformation Reaction to the Russia–Ukraine War: An Analysis through the Lens of Iberian Fact- Checking. KOME, 11(2), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.17646/KOME.of.2.

Bartosik-Purgat, M.; Bednarz, J. (2021). The usage of new media tools in prosumer activities–a corporate perspective. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 33(4), 453-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1820475.

Bercean, L. (2016). Ukraine: Russia's new art of war. Online Journal Modelling the New Europe, 21(1), 155-174.

Bērziņš, J. (2020). The Theory and Practice of New Generation Warfare: The Case of Ukraine and Syria. Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 33(3), 355-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2020.1824109.

Blythe, W.; Calhoun, L. (2019). Como podemos ganar la competencia por la influencia. Military Review. Edición Hispanoamericana, 74(4), 60-70.

Boyd, C. (2007). Army IO is PSYOP. Inflencing more with les. Military Review, 87(3), 67-75.

Boyd-Barrett, O. (2017). Ukraine, Mainstream Media and Conflict Propaganda. Journalism Studies, 18(8), 1016-1034. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1099461.

Calderón, I. (2024). “Te conozco, te ofrezco”. Los estudios de opinión de la Oficina de Asuntos Interamericanos entre radioescuchas uruguayos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. ACHSC, 51(2), 329-362. https://doi.org/10.15446/achsc.v51n2.110168.

Calvo, J. (2020). Introducción. En Implicaciones del ámbito cognitivo en las Operaciones Militares. Documento de Trabajo 01/2020. Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos.

Ceballos, A. (2023). La invasión rusa de ucrania bajo el prisma de las teorías de control reflexivo. Revista UNISCI, (62), 77-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31439/UNISCI-171.

Clark, B. (2010). Las operaciones de información como elemento disuasivo para el conflicto armado. Military Review. Edición Hispanoamericana, 90(5), 2-11.

Colom, G. (2017). Una relectura acerca de la revolución en los asuntos militares y la Transformación de la guerra. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), 23(1), 34-45.

Courter, I. (2023). Actividades de influencia rusa antes de la invasión en la guerra con Ucrania. Military Review Edición Hispanoamericana, 78(1), 32-44. (https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Edicion-Hispanoamericana/Archivos/Primer-Trimestre-2023/Courter/).

Dastgeer, S.; Thapaliya, R. (2023). Information and Disinformation about the Ukraine War on Social Media. ESSACHESS - Journal for Communication Studies, 16(1), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.21409/essachess.1775-352x.

Demasi, M. (2022). Accountability in the Russo-Ukrainian War: Vladimir Putin Versus NATO. Peace and Conflict, 29(3), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000653.

Derleth, J.; Pickler, J. (2022). Twenty-first Century Threats Require Twenty-first Century Deterrence. Connections, 21(2), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.21.2.01.

Departament of the Army (2016). FM 3-13. Information Operation. FM 3-13 FINAL WEB.pdf.

Departament of the Army (2022). FM 3-61. Communication Strategy and Public Affairs Operations. (https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN34864-FM_3-61-000-WEB-1.pdf).

Departament of the Army (2023). ADP 3-13 Information. ARN39736-ADP_3-13-000-WEB-1.pdf.

Donofrio, A.; Moraga, Á.; Guzmán, C. (2023). Rusia-Ucrania, un análisis comparativo de la audiencia en Twitter de los perfiles del Gobierno de la Federación Rusa y la Oficina del Presidente de Ucrania. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (81), 18-43. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2023-1819.

Dorosh, L.; Ivasechko, O.; Turchyn, J. (2019). Comparative analysis of the hybrid tactics application by the Russian Federation in conflicts with Georgia and Ukraine. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(2), 48-73.

Dov, S.-D.; Putter, D.; Duczynski, G. (2023). Hybrid warfare and disinformation: A Ukraine war perspective. Global Policy, 14(5), 858-869. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13257.

Fabian, S. (2019). The Russian hybrid warfare strategy–neither Russian nor strategy. Defense and Security Analysis, 35(3), 308-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2019.1640424.

Faltesek, D. (2023). Strategically matching messaging to the platform: The case of “Biolabs” on Instagram, Facebook, and Reddit. Communication and the Public, 8(2), 81-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047323117378.

Farbman, S. (2023). Telegram, ‘Milbloggers’ and the Russian State. Survival, 65(3), 107-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2218703.

Fihurnyi, Y.; Semenova, O.; Otroshko, L.; Shakurova, О. (2022). Development of the ukrainian orthodoxy in the conditions of the revanchist policy of the russian federation against ukraine. Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe, 42(4), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.55221/2693-2148.2351.

Fridrichová, K. (2023). Mugged by reality: Russia’s strategic narratives and the war in Ukraine. Defense & Security Analysis, 39(3), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2023.2201018.

Galeotti, M. (2016). Hybrid, ambiguous, and non-linear? How new is Russia’s ‘new way of war’. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 27(29), 282-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2015.1129170.

García, G. (2024). La BBC en guerra en España: Una misión especial para el Servicio Español, 1939-1945. El pasado del futuro, 15, 817-840. https://doi.org/10.14201/fdp.31252.

García, M. (2024). De la persuasión a la propaganda operacional. La guerra de palabras en la España de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Vegueta. Anuario de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia, 24(2), 1233-1262. https://doi.org/10.51349/veg.2024.2.24.

Gaufman, E. (2015). World war II 2.0: Digital memory of fascism in Russia in the aftermath of euromaidan in Ukraine. Journal of Regional Security, 10(1), 17-36.

Ghasiya, P.; Sasahara, K. (2023). Messaging strategies of Ukraine and Russia on Telegram during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. First Monday, 28(8). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i8.12873.

Golovchenko, Y.; Hartmann, M.; Adler-Nissen, R. (2018). State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: Citizen curators of digital disinformation. International Affairs, 94(5), 975-994. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy148.

Grynko, A.; Baeriswyl, O. (2023). Digital Disinformation Campaign Around the War in Ukraine: Case of Alternative Media in Switzerland. ESSACHESS - Journal for Communication Studies, 16(1), 183-202. (https://www.essachess.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/595).

Hann, C. (2024). The proxy war in Ukraine History, political economy, and representations. Foccal, 2024(98), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2024.980110.

Herta, L. (2016). Russia's hybrid warfare-why narratives and ideational factors play a role in international politics. Online Journal Modelling the New Europe, 21(1), 52-76.

Hoffman, F. (2007). Conflict in the 21 St Century. The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.

Hoffman, F. (2009). Hybrid Warfare and Challenges. JFQ, (52), 34-48.

Hou, S.–M.; Fu, W.-C.; Lai, S.–Y. (2023). Exploring Information Warfare Strategies during the Russia–Ukraine War on Twitter. Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 35(1), 19-44. https://doi.org/10.22883/kjda.2023.35.1.002.

Hung, H. (2022). Distorting Your Perception of Russia’s Aggression: How Can We Combat Information Warfare?. Connections, 21(3), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.21.3.28.

Instituto español de estudios estratégicos (2020). Implicaciones del ámbito cognitivo en las Operaciones Militares. Documento de Trabajo 01/2020.

Jiménez-Marín, G.; Bellido-Pérez, E.; Trujillo, M. (2021). Publicidad en Instagram y riesgos para la salud pública: el influencer no sanitario como prescriptor de medicamentos, a propósito de un caso. Revista Española de Comunicación en Salud, 12(1), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2021.5809.

Joint Chiefs of Staff (2014). Joint Publication 3-13.2 Military Information Support Operations. US Government.

Kaldor, M. (1999). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford University Press.

Kalinina, E. (2016). Narratives of Russia's "Information Wars". Politics in Central Europe, 12(1), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1515/pce-2016-0008.

Kaltseis, M. (2023). War Discourse on TV: A Glimpse into Russian Political Talk Shows (2014 and 2022). Zeitschrift fur Slawistik, 68(3), 375-397. https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2023-0019.

Kania, E. (2021). Artificial intelligence in China’s revolution in military affairs. Journal of strategic studies, 44(4), 515-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2021.1894136.

Khaldarova, I. (2021). Brother or ‘Other’? Transformation of strategic narratives in Russian television news during the Ukrainian crisis. Media, War and Conflict, 14(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219846016.

Khaldarova, I.; Pantti, M. (2016). Fake News: The narrative battle over the Ukrainian conflict. Journalism Practice, 10(7), 891-901. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1163237.

Kharuk, A.; Shumka, A. (2021). The role of military aviation in the occupation of Crimea (2014). Codrul Cosminului, 27(2), 397-416. https://doi.org/10.4316/CC.2021.02.005.

Kaneva, N. (2022). “Brave Like Ukraine”: A critical discourse perspective on Ukraine’s wartime Brand. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 19, 232-236. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41254-022-00273-3).

Kitchenham, B. (2004). Procedures for Performing Systematic Reviews, TR/SE-0401, Keele University.

Kitchenham, B.; Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering, Technical Report EBSE 2007-001, Keele University y Durham University Joint Report.

Kleisner T.; Garmey T. (2023). TikTok táctico para la competencia entre grandes potencias. Lecciones de la campaña de información en Ucrania para las operaciones a gran escala del futuro. Military Review. Edición Hispanoamericana, 78 (1), 45-67.

Kolodii, R. (2024). The pedagogy of Cyber-WAR: Explaining Ukraine’s resilience against Russian Cyber-aggression. Defense & Security Analysis, 40(2), 270-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2024.2326313.

Kolomiyets, L. (2023). Deconstruction of russia’s newspeak in ukrainian humorous translation and digital folklore. Ideology and Politics Journal, 2(24), 128-166. https://doi.org/10.36169/2227-6068.2023.02.00006.

Kornieiev, V.; Ryabichev, V.; Glushkova, T. (2022). Fake news and content manipulation under russian information aggression. Przeglad Strategiczny, (15), 187-209. https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2022.1.12.

Kuo, K. (2024). How to Think About Risks in US Military Innovation. Survival, 66(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2024.2309077.

Kyryliuk, O. (2021). Fabricated frames as a way of erasing historical memory (based on the discourse of Russia's aggression against Ukraine). Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17, 1423-1437.

Li, Q.; Liu, Q.; Liu, S.; Di, X.; Chen, S.; Zhang, H. (2023). Influence of social bots in information warfare: A case study on @UAWeapons Twitter account in the context of Russia–Ukraine conflict. Communication and the Public, 8(2), 54-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047323116615.

Liaropoulos, A. (2023). Victory and Virality: War in the Age of Social Media. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 24(2), 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1353/gia.2023.a913646.

Lin, Y. (2022). China’s Progressive Military Modernization as Seen from the Wars Involving or Impacting It between 1950 and 2020. The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 34(3), 411-431. https://doi.org/10.22883/kjda.2022.34.3.004.

Lokot, T. (2023). The role of citizens’ affective media practices in participatory warfare during Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Journal of International Relations and Development, 26(4), 776-790. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-023-00317-y.

Magallón-Rosa, R.; Fernández-Castrillo, C.; Garriga, M. (2023). Fact-checking in war: Types of hoaxes and trends from a year of disinformation in the Russo-Ukrainian war. Profesional de la Información, 32(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.20.

Makhortykh, M.; Sydorova, M. (2017). Social media and visual framing of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine. Media, War and Conflict, 10(3), 359-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635217702539.

McCuen, J. (2008). Hybrid wars. Military Review, 88(2), 107-113. (https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20080430_art001.pdf).

Ministerio de Defensa de España (2018). PDC-01(A). Doctrina para el empleo de las FAS. (https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/p/d/pdc-01_a_doctrina_para_el_empleo_de_las_fas.pdf).

Möldera, H.; Sazonovb, V. (2018). Information warfare as the hobbesian concept of modern times — the principles, techniques, and tools of Russian information operations in the donbass. Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 31(3), 308-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2018.1487204.

Morejón-Llamas, N.; Martín-Ramallal, P.; Micaletto-Belda J.-P (2022). Curación de contenido en Twitter como antídoto a la guerra híbrida durante la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania. Profesional de la Información, 31(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.may.08.

Mykhailovych, H. (2022). The role of propaganda in the formation of personal semantic constructs. Insight: the psychological dimensions of society, (8), 4-38. https://doi.org/10.32999/2663-970X/2022-8-3.

Nikolayenko, O. (2019). Framing and counter-framing a Peace March in Russia: the use of Twitter during a hybrid war. Social Movement Studies, 18(5), 602-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2019.1599852.

Pasitselska, O. (2017). Ukrainian crisis through the lens of Russian media: Construction of ideological discourse. Discourse & Communication, 11(6), 591-609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317714127.

Palomo-Rodríguez, I. (2022). Storytelling en la guerra Rusia-Ucrania. Visual Review. International Visual Culture Review / Revista Internacional de Cultura Visual, 9(4), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.37467/revvisual.v9.3544.

Penkala, A.; Derluyn, I.; Lietaert, I. (2023). Armed to the Tweet: social media and the war in Ukraine: shaping narratives of self-understanding and self-determination. Journal of International Relations and Development, 26(4), 791-804. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-023-00311-4.

Petriaiev, O. (2021). Russian orthodox fundamentalism as an element of hybrid warfare. Evropsky Politicky a Pravni Diskurz, 8(5), 102-109. https://doi.org/10.46340/eppd.2021.8.5.11.

Pineda, A.; Barragán-Romero, A.; Sánchez-Gutiérrez, B.; Macarro-Tomillo, A. (2023). ¿Qué pasó con la propaganda? Los currículos de comunicación en España, la democracia y la lógica de la despropagandización. Comunicación y democracia, 57(2), 203-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/27671127.2023.2213760.

Pizarroso, A. (1999). La historia de la propaganda: una aproximación metodológica. Historia y Comunicación Social, (4), 145-171.

Plazas-Olmedo, M.; López-Rabadán, P. (2023). Selfies and Speeches of a President at War: Volodymyr Zelensky’s Strategy of Spectacularization on Instagram. Media and Communication, 11(2), 188-202. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6366.

Quiñones, F. (2021). Desinformación y subversión (2.0): las técnicas de las Guerra Fría reaparecen en el dominio informativo del siglo XXI. [Documento Marco, Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos].

Rable, K. (2023). It’s an Image Problem. How Vietnamization Affected the PSYOP Mission. Military Review Online Exclusive, 1-12.

Rachman, A.; Octavian, A.; Irdham, A.; Ali, Y.; Putra, I. (2023). Revolution in military affairs (Rma) by indonesian armed forces towards competitive advantage. Decision science letters, 12(2), 413-430. https://doi.org/10.5267/dsl.2022.12.002.

Raska, M. (2020). The sixth RMA wave: Disruption in Military Affairs?. Journal of Strategic Studies, 44(4), 456-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2020.1848818.

Ritchie, N. (2009). Deterrence dogma? Challenging the relevance of British nuclear weapons. International Affairs, 85(1), 81-98.

Rusnáková, S. (2017). Russian New Art of Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine. Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 17(3), 343-380. https://doi.org/10.1515/sjps-2017-0014.

Serafín, T. (2022). Ukraine's President Zelensky Takes the Russia/Ukraine War Viral. Orbis, 66(4), 460-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2022.08.002.

Shen, F.; Zhang, E.; Ren, W.; He, Y.; Jia, Q.; Zhang, H. (2023). Examining the differences between human and bot social media accounts: A case study of the Russia-Ukraine War. First Monday, 28(2), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i2.12777.

Sinovets, P.; Shultz, D. (2023). Russia’s Nuclear Propaganda: From the Cold War to Ukraine. Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 36(4), 340-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2023.2297586.

Soares, F.; Gruzd, A.; Mai, P. (2023). Falling for Russian Propaganda: Understanding the Factors that Contribute to Belief in Pro-Kremlin Disinformation on Social Media. Social Media and Society, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231220330.

Terracciano, B. (2023). Accessing to a “Truer Truth”: Conspiracy and Figurative Reasoning From Covid‐19 to the Russia–Ukraine War. Media and Communication, 11(2), 64-75. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6396.

Thomson, O. (1999). Easily led. A history of propaganda. Sutton Publishing.

Łukasik-Turecka, A. (2023). Disinformation in the polish media space in the first year of russia's full-scale aggression against Ukraine. Przeglad Strategiczny, (16), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2023.1.18.

Ushchyna, V. (2022). From Conflict of Discourses to Military Conflict: Multimodality of Identity Construction in Russo-Ukrainian War Discourse. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 9(2), 130-143. https://doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2022.9.2.ush.

Veljovski, G.; Taneski, N.; Dojchinovski, M. (2017). The danger of “hybrid warfare” from a sophisticated adversary: The Russian “hybridity” in the Ukrainian conflict. Defense and Security Analysis, 33(4), 292-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2017.1377883.

Welch, J. (2018). Muchas voces contando la misma historia. Las operaciones de asuntos públicos en África para apoyar a los comandantes combatientes. Military Review. Edición Hispanoamericana, 73 (4), 32-41.

Yekelchyk, S. (2022). Naming the war: Russian aggression in Ukrainian official discourse and mass culture. Canadian Slavonic Papers, 64(2-3), 232-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085006.2022.2106688.

Yogev, H.; Cohen, R.; Lewin, E. (2022) Revolution in military affairs - The operation mole cricket 19 as a case study for the technological race during the cold war. International Area Studies Review, 25(2), 138-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/22338659221075806.

Yun, M.; Kim, E. (2022). Cyber Cognitive Warfare as an Emerging New War Domain and Its Strategies and Tactics. Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 34(4), 603-631. https://doi.org/10.22883/kjda.2022.34.4.005.

Yuskiv, B.; Karpchuk, N.; Khomych S. (2021). Media reports as a tool of hybrid and information warfare (The case of rt – russia today). Codrul Cosminului, 27(1), 235- 258. https://doi.org/10.4316/CC.2021.01.012.

Zhang, C.; Zhang, D.; Blanchard, P. (2022). International Broadcasting During Times of Conflict: A Comparison of China’s and Russia's Communication Strategies. Journalism Practice, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2140445.

Zhang, C.; Zhou, T. (2023). Russia’s strategic communication during the Ukraine crisis (2013–2014): Victims, hypocrites, and radicals. Discourse and Communication, 17(6), 784-810. https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813231173118.

Zwarun, L.; Canevez, R. (2023). Looking Back to Look Forward: Ukraine’s Evolving Use of Digital Space for Resistance and Public Diplomacy, 2014-2022. ESSACHESS - Journal for Communication Studies, 16(1), 65-91. https://doi.org/10.21409/70GF-3808.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.54988/cisde.2025.2.1638

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.


Revista de Pensamiento Estratégico y Seguridad CISDE

ISSN: 2529-8763

www.uajournals.com/cisdejournal

cisdejournal@uajournals.com